@misc{geometry-g-carroll,
  title = {Lecture Notes on General Relativity},
  author = {Sean M. Carroll},
  year = {1997},
  howpublished = {arXiv:gr-qc/9712019},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9712019},
  note = {Graduate reference for metrics, curvature, Einstein equations and cosmology. Source identity and scope checked on the author-submitted record.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-tong-gr,
  title = {General Relativity},
  author = {David Tong},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {University of Cambridge lecture notes},
  url = {https://davidtong.org/teaching/general-relativity/},
  note = {Author course reference. Chapter listing checked; undated web edition is not assigned an inferred publication year.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-tong-qft,
  title = {Lectures on Quantum Field Theory},
  author = {David Tong},
  year = {2006},
  howpublished = {University of Cambridge lecture notes},
  url = {https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/qft.htm},
  note = {Author notes covering field quantization, Noether currents and relativistic causality; copyright year shown on the course page.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-tong-sft,
  title = {Lectures on Statistical Field Theory},
  author = {David Tong},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {University of Cambridge lecture notes},
  url = {https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/sft/},
  note = {Primary teaching reference for scale dependence, universality and renormalisation; date left unspecified.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-tong-dynamics,
  title = {Classical Dynamics},
  author = {David Tong},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {University of Cambridge lecture notes},
  url = {https://davidtong.org/teaching/classical-dynamics/},
  note = {Author reference covering actions, constraints, conservation laws and rigid-body motion.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-tong-em,
  title = {Electromagnetism},
  author = {David Tong},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {University of Cambridge lecture notes},
  url = {https://davidtong.org/teaching/electromagnetism/},
  note = {Author reference for fields, radiation, momentum and matter response; date left unspecified.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-will,
  title = {The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment},
  author = {Clifford M. Will},
  year = {2014},
  howpublished = {Living Reviews in Relativity 17, 4},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.7377},
  note = {Foundational review, not presented as an exhaustive review of experiments after 2014.},
  doi = {10.12942/lrr-2014-4}
}

@misc{geometry-g-microscope,
  title = {MICROSCOPE mission: final results of the test of the Equivalence Principle},
  author = {Pierre Touboul et al.},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 129, 121102},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.15487},
  note = {Primary satellite experiment comparing titanium and platinum test masses.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121102}
}

@misc{geometry-g-ligo,
  title = {Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger},
  author = {LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 116, 061102},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.03837},
  note = {Primary GW150914 detection report.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102}
}

@misc{geometry-g-jaffe,
  title = {The Casimir Effect and the Quantum Vacuum},
  author = {R. L. Jaffe},
  year = {2005},
  howpublished = {Physical Review D 72, 021301},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0503158},
  note = {Explains why Casimir forces do not uniquely establish an extractable vacuum-energy reservoir.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.72.021301}
}

@misc{geometry-g-wilson,
  title = {Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Superconducting Circuit},
  author = {C. M. Wilson; G. Johansson; A. Pourkabirian; J. R. Johansson; T. Duty; F. Nori; P. Delsing},
  year = {2011},
  howpublished = {Nature 479, 376–379},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1105.4714},
  note = {Driven superconducting boundary experiment; the external modulation is central to the energy budget.},
  doi = {10.1038/nature10561}
}

@misc{geometry-g-fewster,
  title = {Lectures on quantum energy inequalities},
  author = {Christopher J. Fewster},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {arXiv:1208.5399},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.5399},
  note = {Lecture treatment of bounds under specified quantum-field and spacetime assumptions.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-maldacena,
  title = {The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity},
  author = {Juan M. Maldacena},
  year = {1998},
  howpublished = {Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 2, 231–252},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9711200},
  note = {Original AdS/CFT proposal; preprint first submitted in 1997, journal year 1998. Specific dualities do not establish a containing universe.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-bousso,
  title = {The holographic principle},
  author = {Raphael Bousso},
  year = {2002},
  howpublished = {Reviews of Modern Physics 74, 825–874},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0203101},
  note = {Review of entropy bounds and their geometric assumptions.},
  doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.74.825}
}

@misc{geometry-g-vanraamsdonk,
  title = {Building up spacetime with quantum entanglement},
  author = {Mark Van Raamsdonk},
  year = {2010},
  howpublished = {General Relativity and Gravitation 42, 2323–2329},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.3035},
  note = {Conceptual argument in a quantum-gravity setting, not an experimental construction of spacetime. The arXiv record also notes a 2025 reference correction.},
  doi = {10.1007/s10714-010-1034-0}
}

@misc{geometry-g-gao,
  title = {Traversable Wormholes via a Double Trace Deformation},
  author = {Ping Gao; Daniel Louis Jafferis; Aron C. Wall},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {Journal of High Energy Physics 2017, 151},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.05687},
  note = {Special theoretical construction with coupled boundaries; no physical transport device is demonstrated.},
  doi = {10.1007/JHEP12(2017)151}
}

@misc{geometry-g-hensen,
  title = {Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres},
  author = {B. Hensen et al.},
  year = {2015},
  howpublished = {Nature 526, 682–686},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15759},
  note = {Primary Bell experiment; rejects a specified local hidden-variable class, not causality.},
  doi = {10.1038/nature15759}
}

@misc{geometry-g-nist,
  title = {The International System of Units (SI), 2019 Edition},
  author = {David B. Newell and Eite Tiesinga, editors},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {NIST Special Publication 330},
  url = {https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330},
  note = {Official units reference for reproducible quantitative comparisons.},
  doi = {10.6028/NIST.SP.330-2019}
}

@misc{geometry-g-buckingham,
  title = {On Physically Similar Systems; Illustrations of the Use of Dimensional Equations},
  author = {E. Buckingham},
  year = {1914},
  howpublished = {Physical Review 4, 345–376},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.4.345},
  note = {Original dimensional-analysis paper; bibliographic metadata verified with publisher.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.4.345}
}

@misc{geometry-g-mandelbrot,
  title = {How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension},
  author = {Benoit Mandelbrot},
  year = {1967},
  howpublished = {Science 156, 636–638},
  url = {https://research.ibm.com/publications/how-long-is-the-coast-of-britain-statistical-self-similarity-and-fractional-dimension},
  note = {Primary author-institution record for statistical self-similarity; not evidence of universal cosmic self-similarity.},
  doi = {10.1126/science.156.3775.636}
}

@misc{geometry-g-noether,
  title = {Invariant Variation Problems},
  author = {Emmy Noether; M. A. Tavel, translator},
  year = {1918},
  howpublished = {English translation archived as arXiv:physics/0503066},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503066},
  note = {Original work dates to 1918; the English translation was posted to arXiv in 2005. The year does not describe the archive posting.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-tajmar,
  title = {High-accuracy thrust measurements of the EMDrive and elimination of false-positive effects},
  author = {M. Tajmar; O. Neunzig; M. Weikert},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {CEAS Space Journal 14, 31–44},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12567-021-00385-1},
  note = {Published online in 2021; journal issue year 2022. Thermal and electrical artifacts are central to interpretation.},
  doi = {10.1007/s12567-021-00385-1}
}

@misc{geometry-g-feynman-energy,
  title = {The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume I, Chapter 4: Conservation of Energy},
  author = {Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands},
  year = {1963},
  howpublished = {Caltech online edition},
  url = {https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_04.html},
  note = {Official textbook chapter; cosmological global-energy subtleties require the separate relativity references.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-feynman-sr,
  title = {The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume I, Chapter 15: The Special Theory of Relativity},
  author = {Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands},
  year = {1963},
  howpublished = {Caltech online edition},
  url = {https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_15.html},
  note = {Official textbook chapter supporting the special-relativistic limit.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-feynman-field,
  title = {The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume II, Chapter 27: Field Energy and Field Momentum},
  author = {Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands},
  year = {1964},
  howpublished = {Caltech online edition},
  url = {https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_27.html},
  note = {Official textbook chapter on electromagnetic energy transport and momentum.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-feynman-curved,
  title = {The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume II, Chapter 42: Curved Space},
  author = {Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands},
  year = {1964},
  howpublished = {Caltech online edition},
  url = {https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_42.html},
  note = {Official textbook chapter distinguishing intrinsic geometry from drawings embedded in an external space.}
}

@misc{geometry-g-ryu,
  title = {Holographic Derivation of Entanglement Entropy from AdS/CFT},
  author = {Shinsei Ryu; Tadashi Takayanagi},
  year = {2006},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 96, 181602},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0603001},
  note = {Original geometric entanglement-entropy proposal in a specified holographic setting; not a universal formula for all systems.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.181602}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-earth,
  title = {Earth Fact Sheet},
  author = {NASA Goddard Space Flight Center},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {NASA NSSDC},
  url = {https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html},
  note = {Official planetary reference; mean and equatorial radius are different quantities.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-solar,
  title = {Solar System Facts},
  author = {NASA Science},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {NASA},
  url = {https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/solar-system-facts/},
  note = {Official overview of solar-system membership, position and scale.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-galaxies,
  title = {Galaxies},
  author = {NASA Science},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {NASA},
  url = {https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/},
  note = {Overview of galaxy types and the location of the Milky Way.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-local,
  title = {The Local Group},
  author = {NASA Imagine the Universe},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {NASA GSFC},
  url = {https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/local_group_info.html},
  note = {Historical educational overview; exact galaxy counts are not treated as a current census.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-massey,
  title = {Dark matter maps reveal cosmic scaffolding},
  author = {Richard Massey et al.},
  year = {2007},
  howpublished = {Nature 445, 286–290},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05497},
  note = {Weak-lensing reconstruction; inferred mass distribution is not a direct photograph of dark matter.},
  doi = {10.1038/nature05497}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-size,
  title = {How Big is Space? We Asked a NASA Expert: Episode 61},
  author = {NASA},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {NASA},
  url = {https://www.nasa.gov/science-research/astrophysics/how-big-is-space-we-asked-a-nasa-expert-episode-61/},
  note = {Distinguishes the observable universe from the unknown total size.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-expansion,
  title = {Webb Telescope & The Big Bang},
  author = {NASA Science; John Mather},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {NASA},
  url = {https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/big-bang-q-and-a/},
  note = {Official explanation of expansion without a spatial center in the standard model.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-hubble,
  title = {A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae},
  author = {Edwin Hubble},
  year = {1929},
  howpublished = {PNAS 15, 168–173},
  url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC522427/},
  note = {Historical primary paper; its distance calibration and slope are not current parameter estimates.},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.15.3.168}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-planck,
  title = {Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters},
  author = {Planck Collaboration; N. Aghanim et al.},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Astronomy & Astrophysics 641, A6},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209},
  note = {Primary parameter analysis; numbers depend on model and data combination. Publication has a 2021 corrigendum.},
  doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201833910}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-fixsen,
  title = {The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background},
  author = {D. J. Fixsen},
  year = {2009},
  howpublished = {Astrophysical Journal 707, 916–920},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.1955},
  note = {Recalibration and combined estimate of the CMB temperature.},
  doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-saadeh,
  title = {How Isotropic Is the Universe?},
  author = {Daniela Saadeh; Stephen M. Feeney; Andrew Pontzen; Hiranya V. Peiris; Jason D. McEwen},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 117, 131302},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.131302},
  note = {Constrains specific Bianchi anisotropic expansion modes; not a model-independent bound on every conceivable cosmic rotation.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.131302}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-wigglez,
  title = {The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: the transition to large-scale cosmic homogeneity},
  author = {Morag I. Scrimgeour et al.},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 425, 116–134},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21402.x},
  note = {Counts-in-spheres test with a stated 1 percent homogeneity criterion and survey selection modeling.},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21402.x}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-hogg,
  title = {Cosmic homogeneity demonstrated with luminous red galaxies},
  author = {David W. Hogg; Daniel J. Eisenstein; Michael R. Blanton; Neta A. Bahcall; J. Brinkmann; James E. Gunn; Donald P. Schneider},
  year = {2005},
  howpublished = {Astrophysical Journal 624, 54–58},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0411197},
  note = {Independent galaxy-sample test of large-scale homogeneity.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-grand,
  title = {The dynamics of stars around spiral arms},
  author = {Robert J. J. Grand; Daisuke Kawata; Mark Cropper},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 421, 1529–1538},
  url = {https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/19365/},
  note = {N-body study of transient, approximately corotating spiral features; not a universal description of every spiral galaxy.},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20411.x}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-lin,
  title = {On the spiral structure of disk galaxies, II. Outline of a theory of density waves},
  author = {C. C. Lin; Frank H. Shu},
  year = {1966},
  howpublished = {PNAS 55, 229–234},
  url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC224127/},
  note = {Foundational density-wave model; pattern motion need not equal material motion.},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.55.2.229}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-clowe,
  title = {A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter},
  author = {Douglas Clowe; Maruša Bradač; Anthony H. Gonzalez; Maxim Markevitch; Scott W. Randall; Christine Jones; Dennis Zaritsky},
  year = {2006},
  howpublished = {Astrophysical Journal 648, L109–L113},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608407},
  note = {Bullet Cluster lensing and plasma offsets provide evidence for unseen mass; particle identity remains unspecified.},
  doi = {10.1086/508162}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-riess,
  title = {Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant},
  author = {Adam G. Riess et al.},
  year = {1998},
  howpublished = {Astronomical Journal 116, 1009–1038},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201},
  note = {Primary supernova distance-redshift evidence for accelerated expansion.},
  doi = {10.1086/300499}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-desi,
  title = {DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints},
  author = {DESI Collaboration},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {arXiv:2503.14738},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.14738},
  note = {Primary collaboration analysis; evolving-dark-energy preference varies with model and supernova combination.},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2503.14738}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-guth,
  title = {Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems},
  author = {Alan H. Guth},
  year = {1981},
  howpublished = {Physical Review D 23, 347–356},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347},
  note = {Foundational inflation proposal, not a demonstration of a unique inflation mechanism.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-bicep,
  title = {BICEP/Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season},
  author = {BICEP/Keck Collaboration; P. A. R. Ade et al.},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 127, 151301},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00483},
  note = {Historical published tensor-to-scalar bound; not asserted to be the latest worldwide constraint.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.151301}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-feeney,
  title = {First Observational Tests of Eternal Inflation},
  author = {Stephen M. Feeney; Matthew C. Johnson; Daniel J. Mortlock; Hiranya V. Peiris},
  year = {2011},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 107, 071301},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.1995},
  note = {WMAP analysis did not warrant adding bubble collisions to ΛCDM; method illustrates a restricted observational test.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.071301}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-poplawski,
  title = {Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation},
  author = {Nikodem Popławski},
  year = {2010},
  howpublished = {Physics Letters B 694, 181–185},
  url = {https://digitalcommons.newhaven.edu/physics-facpubs/3/},
  note = {Speculative theoretical model involving torsion and a possible parent black hole; no observational confirmation of a parent universe.},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-topology,
  title = {Planck 2015 results. XVIII. Background geometry & topology},
  author = {Planck Collaboration; P. A. R. Ade et al.},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Astronomy & Astrophysics 594, A18},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01593},
  note = {Tests specific compact topologies and Bianchi models; null results do not establish the entire universe is infinite.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-inflation,
  title = {Planck 2018 results. X. Constraints on inflation},
  author = {Planck Collaboration; Y. Akrami et al.},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Astronomy & Astrophysics 641, A10},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06211},
  note = {Primary constraints on primordial perturbations and inflationary model families.},
  doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201833887}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-earthsystem,
  title = {About the Earth System: Background Information},
  author = {NASA My NASA Data},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {NASA},
  url = {https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/basic-page/about-earth-system-background-information},
  note = {Introduces coupled Earth subsystems; feedback does not by itself establish cosmic learning.}
}

@misc{cosmos-cos-jpl,
  title = {Planetary Physical Parameters},
  author = {NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory},
  year = {n.d.},
  howpublished = {JPL Solar System Dynamics},
  url = {https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/phys_par.html},
  note = {Reference parameters with source labels and uncertainties; useful for checking model scales.}
}

@misc{information-info-shannon1948,
  title = {A Mathematical Theory of Communication},
  author = {Claude E. Shannon},
  year = {1948},
  howpublished = {Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379–423},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x},
  note = {Foundational communication theory; entropy measures uncertainty, not subjective meaning. Publisher metadata verified.},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x}
}

@misc{information-info-landauer1961,
  title = {Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process},
  author = {Rolf Landauer},
  year = {1961},
  howpublished = {IBM Journal of Research and Development 5, 183–191},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.53.0183},
  note = {Foundational analysis of logically irreversible erasure; the bound requires specified thermodynamic assumptions.},
  doi = {10.1147/rd.53.0183}
}

@misc{information-info-berut2012,
  title = {Experimental verification of Landauer’s principle linking information and thermodynamics},
  author = {Antoine Bérut; Artak Arakelyan; Artyom Petrosyan; Sergio Ciliberto; Raoul Dillenschneider; Eric Lutz},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Nature 483, 187–189},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10872},
  note = {Primary experiment using a colloidal particle as a one-bit memory; abstract and publisher metadata checked.},
  doi = {10.1038/nature10872}
}

@misc{information-info-seifert2012,
  title = {Stochastic thermodynamics, fluctuation theorems, and molecular machines},
  author = {Udo Seifert},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Reports on Progress in Physics 75, 126001},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4176},
  note = {Research review and technical derivations; trajectory thermodynamics applies to stated system–bath models.},
  doi = {10.1088/0034-4885/75/12/126001}
}

@misc{information-info-crooks1999,
  title = {Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibrium work relation for free energy differences},
  author = {Gavin E. Crooks},
  year = {1999},
  howpublished = {Physical Review E 60, 2721–2726},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.60.2721},
  note = {Primary theoretical relation between forward and reverse work distributions under microscopic reversibility assumptions.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.60.2721}
}

@misc{information-info-turing1952,
  title = {The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis},
  author = {Alan M. Turing},
  year = {1952},
  howpublished = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 237, 37–72},
  url = {https://web.mit.edu/~kardar/www/teaching/IITS/lectures/lec8/TuringPhilTransB1952.pdf},
  note = {Original paper hosted by MIT; reaction–diffusion pattern formation is not by itself evidence of learning.},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.1952.0012}
}

@misc{information-info-perunov2016,
  title = {Statistical Physics of Adaptation},
  author = {Nikolai Perunov; Robert Marsland; Jeremy L. England},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Physical Review X 6, 021036},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.1875},
  note = {Theoretical driven-system model; 2014 preprint linked to 2016 publication. Not a demonstration of universal adaptation.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.6.021036}
}

@misc{information-info-england2013,
  title = {Statistical physics of self-replication},
  author = {Jeremy L. England},
  year = {2013},
  howpublished = {The Journal of Chemical Physics 139, 121923},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.1179},
  note = {Thermodynamic constraints on replication, not a proof that all driven matter becomes life.},
  doi = {10.1063/1.4818538}
}

@misc{information-info-keim2019,
  title = {Memory formation in matter},
  author = {Nathan C. Keim; Joseph D. Paulsen; Zorana Zeravcic; Srikanth Sastry; Sidney R. Nagel},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Reviews of Modern Physics 91, 035002},
  url = {https://harvest.aps.org/v2/journals/articles/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.035002/fulltext},
  note = {Research review of material memory; encoding, readout, and erasure are distinct operations.},
  doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.91.035002}
}

@misc{information-info-sethna1993,
  title = {Hysteresis and hierarchies: Dynamics of disorder-driven first-order phase transformations},
  author = {James P. Sethna; Karin Dahmen; Sivan Kartha; James A. Krumhansl; Bruce W. Roberts; Joel D. Shore},
  year = {1993},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 70, 3347},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3347},
  note = {Primary random-field Ising-model work on hysteresis, avalanches, and return-point memory.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3347}
}

@misc{information-info-bennett1973,
  title = {Logical Reversibility of Computation},
  author = {Charles H. Bennett},
  year = {1973},
  howpublished = {IBM Journal of Research and Development 17, 525–532},
  url = {https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos576/papers/bennett73.html},
  note = {Original-paper university mirror indexed; direct retrieval was blocked. Bibliographic record and indexed text checked.},
  doi = {10.1147/rd.176.0525}
}

@misc{information-info-sagawa2010,
  title = {Generalized Jarzynski Equality under Nonequilibrium Feedback Control},
  author = {Takahiro Sagawa; Masahito Ueda},
  year = {2010},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 104, 090602},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.090602},
  note = {Primary information-thermodynamics result; feedback information enters a generalized work relation.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.090602}
}

@misc{information-info-blount2008,
  title = {Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli},
  author = {Zachary D. Blount; Christina Z. Borland; Richard E. Lenski},
  year = {2008},
  howpublished = {PNAS 105, 7899–7906},
  url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2430337/},
  note = {Primary evolutionary experiment showing history-dependent access to a new phenotype.},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0803151105}
}

@misc{information-info-watson1953,
  title = {Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid},
  author = {James D. Watson; Francis H. C. Crick},
  year = {1953},
  howpublished = {Nature 171, 737–738},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0},
  note = {Original DNA structural proposal. Historical source, not a complete account of genetics or discovery credit.},
  doi = {10.1038/171737a0}
}

@misc{information-info-liu2012,
  title = {Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall},
  author = {Xu Liu; Steve Ramirez; Petti T. Pang; Corey B. Puryear; Arvind Govindarajan; Karl Deisseroth; Susumu Tonegawa},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Nature 484, 381–385},
  url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331914/},
  note = {Primary mouse experiment linking reactivation of a tagged neural ensemble with memory-related behavior.},
  doi = {10.1038/nature11028}
}

@misc{information-info-rao1999,
  title = {Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects},
  author = {Rajesh P. N. Rao; Dana H. Ballard},
  year = {1999},
  howpublished = {Nature Neuroscience 2, 79–87},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nn0199_79},
  note = {Computational model of predictive coding; not proof of one mechanism for all cognition.},
  doi = {10.1038/4580}
}

@misc{information-info-friston2010,
  title = {The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?},
  author = {Karl Friston},
  year = {2010},
  howpublished = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, 127–138},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2787},
  note = {Theoretical research framework; variational free energy must not be confused with physical energy in joules.},
  doi = {10.1038/nrn2787}
}

@misc{information-info-stern2021,
  title = {Supervised Learning in Physical Networks: From Machine Learning to Learning Machines},
  author = {Menachem Stern; Daniel Hexner; Jason W. Rocks; Andrea J. Liu},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Physical Review X 11, 021045},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.11.021045},
  note = {Primary theory of local coupled learning in flow and elastic networks.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.11.021045}
}

@misc{information-info-dillavou2022,
  title = {Demonstration of Decentralized Physics-Driven Learning},
  author = {Sam Dillavou; Menachem Stern; Andrea J. Liu; Douglas J. Durian},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Applied 18, 014040},
  url = {https://web.sas.upenn.edu/slm/2022/07/18/demonstration-of-decentralized-physics-driven-learning/},
  note = {Primary experimental publication described on its research group page; variable-resistor network learns specified tasks.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.014040}
}

@misc{information-info-bialek2001,
  title = {Predictability, complexity and learning},
  author = {William Bialek; Ilya Nemenman; Naftali Tishby},
  year = {2001},
  howpublished = {Neural Computation 13, 2409–2463},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0007070},
  note = {Primary theory defining predictive information from past–future statistical dependence.},
  doi = {10.1162/089976601753195969}
}

@misc{information-info-schreiber2000,
  title = {Measuring Information Transfer},
  author = {Thomas Schreiber},
  year = {2000},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 85, 461–464},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.461},
  note = {Primary transfer-entropy paper; directional predictability is not automatically intervention-level causation.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.461}
}

@misc{information-info-pearl1995,
  title = {Causal diagrams for empirical research},
  author = {Judea Pearl},
  year = {1995},
  howpublished = {Biometrika 82, 669–710},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.669},
  note = {Primary causal-inference framework. UCLA PDF retrieved but text encoding was poor; author and publisher records checked.},
  doi = {10.1093/biomet/82.4.669}
}

@misc{information-info-seth2022,
  title = {Theories of consciousness},
  author = {Anil K. Seth; Tim Bayne},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience 23, 439–452},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-022-00587-4},
  note = {Research review comparing theoretical families and empirical discriminators; no settled universal account.},
  doi = {10.1038/s41583-022-00587-4}
}

@misc{information-info-cogitate2025,
  title = {Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness},
  author = {Cogitate Consortium; Oscar Ferrante; Urszula Gorska-Klimowska; and collaborators},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Nature 642, 133–142},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08888-1},
  note = {Preregistered multimodal study of 256 participants; challenges tested predictions of both theories. Does not resolve every philosophical claim.},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-08888-1}
}

@misc{information-info-zurek2003,
  title = {Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical},
  author = {Wojciech H. Zurek},
  year = {2003},
  howpublished = {Reviews of Modern Physics 75, 715–775},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0105127},
  note = {Technical review of environment-induced decoherence. No requirement for human awareness in the physical interaction model.},
  doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.75.715}
}

@misc{information-info-kolchinsky2018,
  title = {Semantic information, autonomous agency and non-equilibrium statistical physics},
  author = {Artemy Kolchinsky; David H. Wolpert},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {Interface Focus 8, 20180041},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08053},
  note = {Proposed formal measure of viability-relevant information using counterfactual interventions; definition-dependent.},
  doi = {10.1098/rsfs.2018.0041}
}

@misc{information-info-still2012,
  title = {Thermodynamics of Prediction},
  author = {Susanne Still; David A. Sivak; Anthony J. Bell; Gavin E. Crooks},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 109, 120604},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.120604},
  note = {Primary theoretical connection between nonpredictive memory and dissipation for specified driven systems.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.120604}
}

@misc{methods-method-uncertainty,
  title = {Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, 1994 Edition},
  author = {Barry N. Taylor; Chris E. Kuyatt},
  year = {1994},
  howpublished = {NIST Technical Note 1297},
  url = {https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-evaluating-and-expressing-uncertainty-nist-measurement-results-1994-edition},
  note = {Official NIST publication record and uncertainty guidance. Supports measurement-uncertainty practice; it does not validate any proposed Hill measurement.},
  doi = {10.6028/NIST.tn.1297}
}

@misc{methods-method-prereg,
  title = {The preregistration revolution},
  author = {Brian A. Nosek; Charles R. Ebersole; Alexander C. DeHaven; David T. Mellor},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(11), 2600–2606},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114},
  note = {Primary methodological article distinguishing prospective predictions from exploratory analyses. Publication metadata and article text checked; project protocols are new proposals.},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1708274114}
}

@misc{methods-method-powerlaw,
  title = {Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data},
  author = {Aaron Clauset; Cosma Rohilla Shalizi; M. E. J. Newman},
  year = {2009},
  howpublished = {SIAM Review 51(4), 661–703},
  url = {https://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/070710111},
  note = {Primary methodological paper on fitting and testing empirical power-law distributions. Publisher record and author companion materials verified.},
  doi = {10.1137/070710111}
}

@misc{methods-method-grassberger,
  title = {Measuring the strangeness of strange attractors},
  author = {Peter Grassberger; Itamar Procaccia},
  year = {1983},
  howpublished = {Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 9(1–2), 189–208},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167278983902981},
  note = {Primary development of correlation-exponent methods for dynamical data. Publisher abstract and bibliographic record checked.},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-2789(83)90298-1}
}

@misc{methods-method-theiler,
  title = {Spurious dimension from correlation algorithms applied to limited time-series data},
  author = {James Theiler},
  year = {1986},
  howpublished = {Physical Review A 34, 2427–2432},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.34.2427},
  note = {Primary analysis of spurious dimension estimates arising from finite, autocorrelated data. APS record and abstract verified.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.34.2427}
}

@misc{methods-method-loo,
  title = {Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC},
  author = {Aki Vehtari; Andrew Gelman; Jonah Gabry},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {Statistics and Computing 27, 1413–1432},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4},
  note = {Primary methods paper on predictive model evaluation. Online publication was in 2016; the journal volume year is 2017. Publisher record notes an erratum.},
  doi = {10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4}
}

@misc{methods-method-fair,
  title = {The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship},
  author = {Mark D. Wilkinson; Michel Dumontier; IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg; et al.},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Scientific Data 3, 160018},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618},
  note = {Original FAIR principles article. Publisher record and text verified; principles inform the proposed atlas data practices.},
  doi = {10.1038/sdata.2016.18}
}

@misc{methods-method-prov,
  title = {PROV-Overview: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents},
  author = {Paul Groth; Luc Moreau, editors},
  year = {2013},
  howpublished = {W3C Working Group Note, 30 April 2013},
  url = {https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-overview/},
  note = {Official overview of the W3C provenance family. The overview is a Working Group Note; individual PROV specifications have their own standards status.}
}

@misc{methods-method-bayes,
  title = {Bayesian Workflow},
  author = {Andrew Gelman; Aki Vehtari; Daniel Simpson; Charles C. Margossian; Bob Carpenter; Yuling Yao; Lauren Kennedy; Jonah Gabry; Paul-Christian Bürkner; Martin Modrák},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {arXiv:2011.01808 [stat.ME]},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.01808},
  note = {Author manuscript on iterative Bayesian modeling, checking and evaluation. arXiv record verified; treated as a preprint, not a journal publication.},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2011.01808}
}

@misc{methods-method-residuals,
  title = {How can I tell if a model fits my data?},
  author = {NIST/SEMATECH},
  year = {2003},
  howpublished = {e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, section 4.4.4},
  url = {https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmd/section4/pmd44.htm},
  note = {Official technical guidance on residual analysis and the limitations of R². Year denotes the handbook’s initial public release; this is a maintained web reference.}
}

@misc{methods-method-force,
  title = {Force Calibrations using Errors-in-Variables Regression and Monte Carlo Uncertainty Evaluations},
  author = {Thomas W. Bartel; Sara Stoudt; Antonio M. Possolo},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Metrologia 53},
  url = {https://www.nist.gov/publications/force-calibrations-using-errors-variables-regression-and-monte-carlo-uncertainty},
  note = {NIST publication record and abstract verified. Supports calibration-model and uncertainty treatment, not any claim of anomalous thrust.}
}

@misc{methods-method-surrogate,
  title = {Testing for nonlinearity in time series: the method of surrogate data},
  author = {James Theiler; Stephen Eubank; André Longtin; Bryan Galdrikian; J. Doyne Farmer},
  year = {1992},
  howpublished = {Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 58(1–4), 77–94},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016727899290102S},
  note = {Primary methodological paper describing explicit null hypotheses and surrogate-data comparisons. Publisher abstract and metadata verified.},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-2789(92)90102-S}
}

@misc{methods-method-kac,
  title = {Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?},
  author = {Mark Kac},
  year = {1966},
  howpublished = {The American Mathematical Monthly 73(4), Part 2, 1–23},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2313748},
  note = {Original spectral-geometry article; archival publication record verified. Provides conceptual context for geometry and mode spectra, not a claim that spectra uniquely identify every shape.},
  doi = {10.2307/2313748}
}

@misc{methods-method-si,
  title = {The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition, updated 2026},
  author = {Bureau International des Poids et Mesures},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {BIPM SI Brochure},
  url = {https://www.bipm.org/en/web/guest/publications/si-brochure},
  note = {Official current brochure page verified. The ninth edition began in 2019; the publisher lists this updated version and citation in 2026.},
  doi = {10.59161/AUEZ1291}
}

@misc{methods-method-asa,
  title = {The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose},
  author = {Ronald L. Wasserstein; Nicole A. Lazar},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {The American Statistician 70(2), 129–133},
  url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108},
  note = {Official methodological statement published by the American Statistical Association. Publisher text and citation verified; emphasizes interpreting statistics in context.},
  doi = {10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108}
}

@misc{methods-method-noether,
  title = {Invariant Variation Problems},
  author = {Emmy Noether; M. A. Tavel, translator},
  year = {1918},
  howpublished = {Göttingen Nachrichten, 235–257; English translation in Transport Theory and Statistical Physics 1, 186–207 (1971)},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503066},
  note = {Original 1918 work accessed through its English translation. arXiv record identifies the 1971 translation, first archived in 2005 and revised in 2018; the DOI is for the translation.},
  doi = {10.1080/00411457108231446}
}

@misc{methods-method-broido,
  title = {Scale-free networks are rare},
  author = {Anna D. Broido; Aaron Clauset},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Nature Communications 10, 1017},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08746-5},
  note = {Primary empirical network analysis illustrating the need to test scale-free claims. Publisher record verified; results concern examined network representations, not all possible natural scaling.},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-08746-5}
}

@misc{methods-method-paulsen,
  title = {Multiple Transient Memories in Experiments on Sheared Non-Brownian Suspensions},
  author = {Joseph D. Paulsen; Nathan C. Keim; Sidney R. Nagel},
  year = {2014},
  howpublished = {Physical Review Letters 113, 068301},
  url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.068301},
  note = {Primary material-memory experiment. APS publication record and corresponding author metadata verified. Its measured phenomenon does not establish cosmic or personal memory transfer.},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.068301}
}

@misc{methods-method-alon,
  title = {Robustness in bacterial chemotaxis},
  author = {Uri Alon; Michael G. Surette; Naama Barkai; Stanislas Leibler},
  year = {1999},
  howpublished = {Nature 397, 168–171},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/16483},
  note = {Primary experimental study of response and adaptation in a specified biochemical network. Publisher record and abstract verified; the result is not a universal learning mechanism.},
  doi = {10.1038/16483}
}

@misc{methods-method-boxcount,
  title = {A fast algorithm to determine fractal dimensions by box counting},
  author = {Larry S. Liebovitch; Tibor Toth},
  year = {1989},
  howpublished = {Physics Letters A 141(8–9), 386–390},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375960189908542},
  note = {Primary box-counting algorithm paper. Publisher record, abstract and bibliographic metadata verified; finite-resolution interpretations still require controls.},
  doi = {10.1016/0375-9601(89)90854-2}
}

@misc{methods-method-repro,
  title = {Ten Simple Rules for Reproducible Computational Research},
  author = {Geir Kjetil Sandve; Anton Nekrutenko; James Taylor; Eivind Hovig},
  year = {2013},
  howpublished = {PLOS Computational Biology 9(10), e1003285},
  url = {https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003285},
  note = {Original methodological guidance, verified through the publisher text. Informs the proposed reproducibility package and does not certify the project’s analyses.},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003285}
}