[
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    "id": "geometry-g-carroll",
    "title": "Lecture Notes on General Relativity",
    "authors": "Sean M. Carroll",
    "year": 1997,
    "venue": "arXiv:gr-qc/9712019",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9712019",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Graduate reference for metrics, curvature, Einstein equations and cosmology. Source identity and scope checked on the author-submitted record.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-tong-gr",
    "title": "General Relativity",
    "authors": "David Tong",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "University of Cambridge lecture notes",
    "url": "https://davidtong.org/teaching/general-relativity/",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Author course reference. Chapter listing checked; undated web edition is not assigned an inferred publication year.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-tong-qft",
    "title": "Lectures on Quantum Field Theory",
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    "year": 2006,
    "venue": "University of Cambridge lecture notes",
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    "note": "Author notes covering field quantization, Noether currents and relativistic causality; copyright year shown on the course page.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
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    "title": "Lectures on Statistical Field Theory",
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    "year": "n.d.",
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    "type": "Reference",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-tong-dynamics",
    "title": "Classical Dynamics",
    "authors": "David Tong",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "University of Cambridge lecture notes",
    "url": "https://davidtong.org/teaching/classical-dynamics/",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Author reference covering actions, constraints, conservation laws and rigid-body motion.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-tong-em",
    "title": "Electromagnetism",
    "authors": "David Tong",
    "year": "n.d.",
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    "url": "https://davidtong.org/teaching/electromagnetism/",
    "type": "Reference",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18"
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary satellite experiment comparing titanium and platinum test masses.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-ligo",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary GW150914 detection report.",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-jaffe",
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    "venue": "Physical Review D 72, 021301",
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    "type": "Paper",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-wilson",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Driven superconducting boundary experiment; the external modulation is central to the energy budget.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-fewster",
    "title": "Lectures on quantum energy inequalities",
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    "year": 2012,
    "venue": "arXiv:1208.5399",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.5399",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Lecture treatment of bounds under specified quantum-field and spacetime assumptions.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-maldacena",
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    "venue": "Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 2, 231–252",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-bousso",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Review of entropy bounds and their geometric assumptions.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-vanraamsdonk",
    "title": "Building up spacetime with quantum entanglement",
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    "year": 2010,
    "venue": "General Relativity and Gravitation 42, 2323–2329",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Conceptual argument in a quantum-gravity setting, not an experimental construction of spacetime. The arXiv record also notes a 2025 reference correction.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1007/s10714-010-1034-0"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-gao",
    "title": "Traversable Wormholes via a Double Trace Deformation",
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    "year": 2017,
    "venue": "Journal of High Energy Physics 2017, 151",
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    "type": "Paper",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-nist",
    "title": "The International System of Units (SI), 2019 Edition",
    "authors": "David B. Newell and Eite Tiesinga, editors",
    "year": 2019,
    "venue": "NIST Special Publication 330",
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    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official units reference for reproducible quantitative comparisons.",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-buckingham",
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    "venue": "Physical Review 4, 345–376",
    "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.4.345",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original dimensional-analysis paper; bibliographic metadata verified with publisher.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-mandelbrot",
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    "note": "Primary author-institution record for statistical self-similarity; not evidence of universal cosmic self-similarity.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-noether",
    "title": "Invariant Variation Problems",
    "authors": "Emmy Noether; M. A. Tavel, translator",
    "year": 1918,
    "venue": "English translation archived as arXiv:physics/0503066",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503066",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original work dates to 1918; the English translation was posted to arXiv in 2005. The year does not describe the archive posting.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-tajmar",
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    "year": 2022,
    "venue": "CEAS Space Journal 14, 31–44",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-feynman-energy",
    "title": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume I, Chapter 4: Conservation of Energy",
    "authors": "Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands",
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    "venue": "Caltech online edition",
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    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official textbook chapter; cosmological global-energy subtleties require the separate relativity references.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-feynman-sr",
    "title": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume I, Chapter 15: The Special Theory of Relativity",
    "authors": "Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands",
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    "venue": "Caltech online edition",
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    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official textbook chapter supporting the special-relativistic limit.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-feynman-field",
    "title": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume II, Chapter 27: Field Energy and Field Momentum",
    "authors": "Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands",
    "year": 1964,
    "venue": "Caltech online edition",
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    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official textbook chapter on electromagnetic energy transport and momentum.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-feynman-curved",
    "title": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume II, Chapter 42: Curved Space",
    "authors": "Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands",
    "year": 1964,
    "venue": "Caltech online edition",
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    "type": "Reference",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "geometry-g-ryu",
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    "year": 2006,
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original geometric entanglement-entropy proposal in a specified holographic setting; not a universal formula for all systems.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-earth",
    "title": "Earth Fact Sheet",
    "authors": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "NASA NSSDC",
    "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official planetary reference; mean and equatorial radius are different quantities.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-solar",
    "title": "Solar System Facts",
    "authors": "NASA Science",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "NASA",
    "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/solar-system-facts/",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official overview of solar-system membership, position and scale.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-galaxies",
    "title": "Galaxies",
    "authors": "NASA Science",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "NASA",
    "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Overview of galaxy types and the location of the Milky Way.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-local",
    "title": "The Local Group",
    "authors": "NASA Imagine the Universe",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "NASA GSFC",
    "url": "https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/local_group_info.html",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Historical educational overview; exact galaxy counts are not treated as a current census.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-massey",
    "title": "Dark matter maps reveal cosmic scaffolding",
    "authors": "Richard Massey et al.",
    "year": 2007,
    "venue": "Nature 445, 286–290",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05497",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Weak-lensing reconstruction; inferred mass distribution is not a direct photograph of dark matter.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1038/nature05497"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-size",
    "title": "How Big is Space? We Asked a NASA Expert: Episode 61",
    "authors": "NASA",
    "year": 2025,
    "venue": "NASA",
    "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/science-research/astrophysics/how-big-is-space-we-asked-a-nasa-expert-episode-61/",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Distinguishes the observable universe from the unknown total size.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-expansion",
    "title": "Webb Telescope & The Big Bang",
    "authors": "NASA Science; John Mather",
    "year": 2024,
    "venue": "NASA",
    "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/big-bang-q-and-a/",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official explanation of expansion without a spatial center in the standard model.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-hubble",
    "title": "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae",
    "authors": "Edwin Hubble",
    "year": 1929,
    "venue": "PNAS 15, 168–173",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC522427/",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Historical primary paper; its distance calibration and slope are not current parameter estimates.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1073/pnas.15.3.168"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-planck",
    "title": "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters",
    "authors": "Planck Collaboration; N. Aghanim et al.",
    "year": 2020,
    "venue": "Astronomy & Astrophysics 641, A6",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209",
    "type": "Paper",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1051/0004-6361/201833910"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-fixsen",
    "title": "The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background",
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    "year": 2009,
    "venue": "Astrophysical Journal 707, 916–920",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.1955",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Recalibration and combined estimate of the CMB temperature.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-saadeh",
    "title": "How Isotropic Is the Universe?",
    "authors": "Daniela Saadeh; Stephen M. Feeney; Andrew Pontzen; Hiranya V. Peiris; Jason D. McEwen",
    "year": 2016,
    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 117, 131302",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Constrains specific Bianchi anisotropic expansion modes; not a model-independent bound on every conceivable cosmic rotation.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.131302"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-wigglez",
    "title": "The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: the transition to large-scale cosmic homogeneity",
    "authors": "Morag I. Scrimgeour et al.",
    "year": 2012,
    "venue": "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 425, 116–134",
    "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21402.x",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Counts-in-spheres test with a stated 1 percent homogeneity criterion and survey selection modeling.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21402.x"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-hogg",
    "title": "Cosmic homogeneity demonstrated with luminous red galaxies",
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    "venue": "Astrophysical Journal 624, 54–58",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0411197",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Independent galaxy-sample test of large-scale homogeneity.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-grand",
    "title": "The dynamics of stars around spiral arms",
    "authors": "Robert J. J. Grand; Daisuke Kawata; Mark Cropper",
    "year": 2012,
    "venue": "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 421, 1529–1538",
    "url": "https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/19365/",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "N-body study of transient, approximately corotating spiral features; not a universal description of every spiral galaxy.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20411.x"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-lin",
    "title": "On the spiral structure of disk galaxies, II. Outline of a theory of density waves",
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    "year": 1966,
    "venue": "PNAS 55, 229–234",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC224127/",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Foundational density-wave model; pattern motion need not equal material motion.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1073/pnas.55.2.229"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-clowe",
    "title": "A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter",
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    "year": 2006,
    "venue": "Astrophysical Journal 648, L109–L113",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608407",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Bullet Cluster lensing and plasma offsets provide evidence for unseen mass; particle identity remains unspecified.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1086/508162"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-riess",
    "title": "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant",
    "authors": "Adam G. Riess et al.",
    "year": 1998,
    "venue": "Astronomical Journal 116, 1009–1038",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary supernova distance-redshift evidence for accelerated expansion.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1086/300499"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-desi",
    "title": "DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints",
    "authors": "DESI Collaboration",
    "year": 2025,
    "venue": "arXiv:2503.14738",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.14738",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary collaboration analysis; evolving-dark-energy preference varies with model and supernova combination.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.48550/arXiv.2503.14738"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-guth",
    "title": "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems",
    "authors": "Alan H. Guth",
    "year": 1981,
    "venue": "Physical Review D 23, 347–356",
    "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Foundational inflation proposal, not a demonstration of a unique inflation mechanism.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-bicep",
    "title": "BICEP/Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season",
    "authors": "BICEP/Keck Collaboration; P. A. R. Ade et al.",
    "year": 2021,
    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 127, 151301",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00483",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Historical published tensor-to-scalar bound; not asserted to be the latest worldwide constraint.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.151301"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-feeney",
    "title": "First Observational Tests of Eternal Inflation",
    "authors": "Stephen M. Feeney; Matthew C. Johnson; Daniel J. Mortlock; Hiranya V. Peiris",
    "year": 2011,
    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 107, 071301",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.1995",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "WMAP analysis did not warrant adding bubble collisions to ΛCDM; method illustrates a restricted observational test.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.071301"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-poplawski",
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    "year": 2010,
    "venue": "Physics Letters B 694, 181–185",
    "url": "https://digitalcommons.newhaven.edu/physics-facpubs/3/",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Speculative theoretical model involving torsion and a possible parent black hole; no observational confirmation of a parent universe.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-topology",
    "title": "Planck 2015 results. XVIII. Background geometry & topology",
    "authors": "Planck Collaboration; P. A. R. Ade et al.",
    "year": 2016,
    "venue": "Astronomy & Astrophysics 594, A18",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01593",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Tests specific compact topologies and Bianchi models; null results do not establish the entire universe is infinite.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-inflation",
    "title": "Planck 2018 results. X. Constraints on inflation",
    "authors": "Planck Collaboration; Y. Akrami et al.",
    "year": 2020,
    "venue": "Astronomy & Astrophysics 641, A10",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06211",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
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  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-earthsystem",
    "title": "About the Earth System: Background Information",
    "authors": "NASA My NASA Data",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "NASA",
    "url": "https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/basic-page/about-earth-system-background-information",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Introduces coupled Earth subsystems; feedback does not by itself establish cosmic learning.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "cosmos-cos-jpl",
    "title": "Planetary Physical Parameters",
    "authors": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory",
    "year": "n.d.",
    "venue": "JPL Solar System Dynamics",
    "url": "https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/phys_par.html",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Reference parameters with source labels and uncertainties; useful for checking model scales.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-shannon1948",
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    "authors": "Claude E. Shannon",
    "year": 1948,
    "venue": "Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379–423",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Foundational communication theory; entropy measures uncertainty, not subjective meaning. Publisher metadata verified.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-landauer1961",
    "title": "Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process",
    "authors": "Rolf Landauer",
    "year": 1961,
    "venue": "IBM Journal of Research and Development 5, 183–191",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.53.0183",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Foundational analysis of logically irreversible erasure; the bound requires specified thermodynamic assumptions.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-berut2012",
    "title": "Experimental verification of Landauer’s principle linking information and thermodynamics",
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    "venue": "Nature 483, 187–189",
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    "note": "Primary experiment using a colloidal particle as a one-bit memory; abstract and publisher metadata checked.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-seifert2012",
    "title": "Stochastic thermodynamics, fluctuation theorems, and molecular machines",
    "authors": "Udo Seifert",
    "year": 2012,
    "venue": "Reports on Progress in Physics 75, 126001",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4176",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Research review and technical derivations; trajectory thermodynamics applies to stated system–bath models.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-crooks1999",
    "title": "Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibrium work relation for free energy differences",
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    "year": 1999,
    "venue": "Physical Review E 60, 2721–2726",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary theoretical relation between forward and reverse work distributions under microscopic reversibility assumptions.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-turing1952",
    "title": "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis",
    "authors": "Alan M. Turing",
    "year": 1952,
    "venue": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 237, 37–72",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original paper hosted by MIT; reaction–diffusion pattern formation is not by itself evidence of learning.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-perunov2016",
    "title": "Statistical Physics of Adaptation",
    "authors": "Nikolai Perunov; Robert Marsland; Jeremy L. England",
    "year": 2016,
    "venue": "Physical Review X 6, 021036",
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    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevX.6.021036",
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    "note": "Theoretical driven-system model; 2014 preprint linked to 2016 publication. Not a demonstration of universal adaptation.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-england2013",
    "title": "Statistical physics of self-replication",
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    "year": 2013,
    "venue": "The Journal of Chemical Physics 139, 121923",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.1179",
    "doi": "10.1063/1.4818538",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Thermodynamic constraints on replication, not a proof that all driven matter becomes life.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-keim2019",
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    "year": 2019,
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Research review of material memory; encoding, readout, and erasure are distinct operations.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-sethna1993",
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    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 70, 3347",
    "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3347",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3347",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary random-field Ising-model work on hysteresis, avalanches, and return-point memory.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-bennett1973",
    "title": "Logical Reversibility of Computation",
    "authors": "Charles H. Bennett",
    "year": 1973,
    "venue": "IBM Journal of Research and Development 17, 525–532",
    "url": "https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos576/papers/bennett73.html",
    "doi": "10.1147/rd.176.0525",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original-paper university mirror indexed; direct retrieval was blocked. Bibliographic record and indexed text checked.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-sagawa2010",
    "title": "Generalized Jarzynski Equality under Nonequilibrium Feedback Control",
    "authors": "Takahiro Sagawa; Masahito Ueda",
    "year": 2010,
    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 104, 090602",
    "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.090602",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.090602",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary information-thermodynamics result; feedback information enters a generalized work relation.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-blount2008",
    "title": "Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli",
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    "year": 2008,
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    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2430337/",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary evolutionary experiment showing history-dependent access to a new phenotype.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-watson1953",
    "title": "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid",
    "authors": "James D. Watson; Francis H. C. Crick",
    "year": 1953,
    "venue": "Nature 171, 737–738",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0",
    "doi": "10.1038/171737a0",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original DNA structural proposal. Historical source, not a complete account of genetics or discovery credit.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-liu2012",
    "title": "Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall",
    "authors": "Xu Liu; Steve Ramirez; Petti T. Pang; Corey B. Puryear; Arvind Govindarajan; Karl Deisseroth; Susumu Tonegawa",
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    "venue": "Nature 484, 381–385",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331914/",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary mouse experiment linking reactivation of a tagged neural ensemble with memory-related behavior.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-rao1999",
    "title": "Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects",
    "authors": "Rajesh P. N. Rao; Dana H. Ballard",
    "year": 1999,
    "venue": "Nature Neuroscience 2, 79–87",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nn0199_79",
    "doi": "10.1038/4580",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Computational model of predictive coding; not proof of one mechanism for all cognition.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-friston2010",
    "title": "The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?",
    "authors": "Karl Friston",
    "year": 2010,
    "venue": "Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, 127–138",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2787",
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    "type": "Paper",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-stern2021",
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    "year": 2021,
    "venue": "Physical Review X 11, 021045",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary theory of local coupled learning in flow and elastic networks.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-dillavou2022",
    "title": "Demonstration of Decentralized Physics-Driven Learning",
    "authors": "Sam Dillavou; Menachem Stern; Andrea J. Liu; Douglas J. Durian",
    "year": 2022,
    "venue": "Physical Review Applied 18, 014040",
    "url": "https://web.sas.upenn.edu/slm/2022/07/18/demonstration-of-decentralized-physics-driven-learning/",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.014040",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary experimental publication described on its research group page; variable-resistor network learns specified tasks.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-bialek2001",
    "title": "Predictability, complexity and learning",
    "authors": "William Bialek; Ilya Nemenman; Naftali Tishby",
    "year": 2001,
    "venue": "Neural Computation 13, 2409–2463",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0007070",
    "doi": "10.1162/089976601753195969",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary theory defining predictive information from past–future statistical dependence.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-schreiber2000",
    "title": "Measuring Information Transfer",
    "authors": "Thomas Schreiber",
    "year": 2000,
    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 85, 461–464",
    "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.461",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.461",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary transfer-entropy paper; directional predictability is not automatically intervention-level causation.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-pearl1995",
    "title": "Causal diagrams for empirical research",
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    "venue": "Biometrika 82, 669–710",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.669",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary causal-inference framework. UCLA PDF retrieved but text encoding was poor; author and publisher records checked.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-seth2022",
    "title": "Theories of consciousness",
    "authors": "Anil K. Seth; Tim Bayne",
    "year": 2022,
    "venue": "Nature Reviews Neuroscience 23, 439–452",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-022-00587-4",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Research review comparing theoretical families and empirical discriminators; no settled universal account.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-cogitate2025",
    "title": "Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness",
    "authors": "Cogitate Consortium; Oscar Ferrante; Urszula Gorska-Klimowska; and collaborators",
    "year": 2025,
    "venue": "Nature 642, 133–142",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08888-1",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41586-025-08888-1",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Preregistered multimodal study of 256 participants; challenges tested predictions of both theories. Does not resolve every philosophical claim.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-zurek2003",
    "title": "Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical",
    "authors": "Wojciech H. Zurek",
    "year": 2003,
    "venue": "Reviews of Modern Physics 75, 715–775",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0105127",
    "doi": "10.1103/RevModPhys.75.715",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Technical review of environment-induced decoherence. No requirement for human awareness in the physical interaction model.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-kolchinsky2018",
    "title": "Semantic information, autonomous agency and non-equilibrium statistical physics",
    "authors": "Artemy Kolchinsky; David H. Wolpert",
    "year": 2018,
    "venue": "Interface Focus 8, 20180041",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08053",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Proposed formal measure of viability-relevant information using counterfactual interventions; definition-dependent.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "information-info-still2012",
    "title": "Thermodynamics of Prediction",
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    "year": 2012,
    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 109, 120604",
    "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.120604",
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    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary theoretical connection between nonpredictive memory and dissipation for specified driven systems.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-uncertainty",
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    "authors": "Barry N. Taylor; Chris E. Kuyatt",
    "year": 1994,
    "venue": "NIST Technical Note 1297",
    "url": "https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-evaluating-and-expressing-uncertainty-nist-measurement-results-1994-edition",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official NIST publication record and uncertainty guidance. Supports measurement-uncertainty practice; it does not validate any proposed Hill measurement.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.6028/NIST.tn.1297"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-prereg",
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    "year": 2018,
    "venue": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(11), 2600–2606",
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    "note": "Primary methodological article distinguishing prospective predictions from exploratory analyses. Publication metadata and article text checked; project protocols are new proposals.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1708274114"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-powerlaw",
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    "venue": "SIAM Review 51(4), 661–703",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1137/070710111"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-grassberger",
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    "venue": "Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 9(1–2), 189–208",
    "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167278983902981",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary development of correlation-exponent methods for dynamical data. Publisher abstract and bibliographic record checked.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1016/0167-2789(83)90298-1"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-theiler",
    "title": "Spurious dimension from correlation algorithms applied to limited time-series data",
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    "venue": "Physical Review A 34, 2427–2432",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.34.2427",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevA.34.2427"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-loo",
    "title": "Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC",
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    "year": 2017,
    "venue": "Statistics and Computing 27, 1413–1432",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4",
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    "note": "Primary methods paper on predictive model evaluation. Online publication was in 2016; the journal volume year is 2017. Publisher record notes an erratum.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-fair",
    "title": "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship",
    "authors": "Mark D. Wilkinson; Michel Dumontier; IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg; et al.",
    "year": 2016,
    "venue": "Scientific Data 3, 160018",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618",
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    "note": "Original FAIR principles article. Publisher record and text verified; principles inform the proposed atlas data practices.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1038/sdata.2016.18"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-prov",
    "title": "PROV-Overview: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents",
    "authors": "Paul Groth; Luc Moreau, editors",
    "year": 2013,
    "venue": "W3C Working Group Note, 30 April 2013",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-bayes",
    "title": "Bayesian Workflow",
    "authors": "Andrew Gelman; Aki Vehtari; Daniel Simpson; Charles C. Margossian; Bob Carpenter; Yuling Yao; Lauren Kennedy; Jonah Gabry; Paul-Christian Bürkner; Martin Modrák",
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    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.48550/arXiv.2011.01808"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-residuals",
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    "authors": "NIST/SEMATECH",
    "year": 2003,
    "venue": "e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, section 4.4.4",
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    "note": "Official technical guidance on residual analysis and the limitations of R². Year denotes the handbook’s initial public release; this is a maintained web reference.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-force",
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    "note": "NIST publication record and abstract verified. Supports calibration-model and uncertainty treatment, not any claim of anomalous thrust.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-surrogate",
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    "year": 1992,
    "venue": "Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 58(1–4), 77–94",
    "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016727899290102S",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary methodological paper describing explicit null hypotheses and surrogate-data comparisons. Publisher abstract and metadata verified.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1016/0167-2789(92)90102-S"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-kac",
    "title": "Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?",
    "authors": "Mark Kac",
    "year": 1966,
    "venue": "The American Mathematical Monthly 73(4), Part 2, 1–23",
    "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2313748",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original spectral-geometry article; archival publication record verified. Provides conceptual context for geometry and mode spectra, not a claim that spectra uniquely identify every shape.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.2307/2313748"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-si",
    "title": "The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition, updated 2026",
    "authors": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "BIPM SI Brochure",
    "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/web/guest/publications/si-brochure",
    "type": "Reference",
    "note": "Official current brochure page verified. The ninth edition began in 2019; the publisher lists this updated version and citation in 2026.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.59161/AUEZ1291"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-asa",
    "title": "The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose",
    "authors": "Ronald L. Wasserstein; Nicole A. Lazar",
    "year": 2016,
    "venue": "The American Statistician 70(2), 129–133",
    "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Official methodological statement published by the American Statistical Association. Publisher text and citation verified; emphasizes interpreting statistics in context.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-noether",
    "title": "Invariant Variation Problems",
    "authors": "Emmy Noether; M. A. Tavel, translator",
    "year": 1918,
    "venue": "Göttingen Nachrichten, 235–257; English translation in Transport Theory and Statistical Physics 1, 186–207 (1971)",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503066",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original 1918 work accessed through its English translation. arXiv record identifies the 1971 translation, first archived in 2005 and revised in 2018; the DOI is for the translation.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1080/00411457108231446"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-broido",
    "title": "Scale-free networks are rare",
    "authors": "Anna D. Broido; Aaron Clauset",
    "year": 2019,
    "venue": "Nature Communications 10, 1017",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08746-5",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary empirical network analysis illustrating the need to test scale-free claims. Publisher record verified; results concern examined network representations, not all possible natural scaling.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41467-019-08746-5"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-paulsen",
    "title": "Multiple Transient Memories in Experiments on Sheared Non-Brownian Suspensions",
    "authors": "Joseph D. Paulsen; Nathan C. Keim; Sidney R. Nagel",
    "year": 2014,
    "venue": "Physical Review Letters 113, 068301",
    "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.068301",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary material-memory experiment. APS publication record and corresponding author metadata verified. Its measured phenomenon does not establish cosmic or personal memory transfer.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.068301"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-alon",
    "title": "Robustness in bacterial chemotaxis",
    "authors": "Uri Alon; Michael G. Surette; Naama Barkai; Stanislas Leibler",
    "year": 1999,
    "venue": "Nature 397, 168–171",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/16483",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary experimental study of response and adaptation in a specified biochemical network. Publisher record and abstract verified; the result is not a universal learning mechanism.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1038/16483"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-boxcount",
    "title": "A fast algorithm to determine fractal dimensions by box counting",
    "authors": "Larry S. Liebovitch; Tibor Toth",
    "year": 1989,
    "venue": "Physics Letters A 141(8–9), 386–390",
    "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375960189908542",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Primary box-counting algorithm paper. Publisher record, abstract and bibliographic metadata verified; finite-resolution interpretations still require controls.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1016/0375-9601(89)90854-2"
  },
  {
    "id": "methods-method-repro",
    "title": "Ten Simple Rules for Reproducible Computational Research",
    "authors": "Geir Kjetil Sandve; Anton Nekrutenko; James Taylor; Eivind Hovig",
    "year": 2013,
    "venue": "PLOS Computational Biology 9(10), e1003285",
    "url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003285",
    "type": "Paper",
    "note": "Original methodological guidance, verified through the publisher text. Informs the proposed reproducibility package and does not certify the project’s analyses.",
    "verified": "2026-10-18",
    "doi": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003285"
  }
]