General Relativity
David Tong · University of Cambridge lecture notes
Author course reference. Chapter listing checked; undated web edition is not assigned an inferred publication year.
Original source ↗Primary papers, technical references, and official observations. Search the records, follow the original work, or export the collection.
David Tong · University of Cambridge lecture notes
Author course reference. Chapter listing checked; undated web edition is not assigned an inferred publication year.
Original source ↗David Tong · University of Cambridge lecture notes
Primary teaching reference for scale dependence, universality and renormalisation; date left unspecified.
Original source ↗David Tong · University of Cambridge lecture notes
Author reference covering actions, constraints, conservation laws and rigid-body motion.
Original source ↗David Tong · University of Cambridge lecture notes
Author reference for fields, radiation, momentum and matter response; date left unspecified.
Original source ↗NASA Goddard Space Flight Center · NASA NSSDC
Official planetary reference; mean and equatorial radius are different quantities.
Original source ↗NASA Science · NASA
Official overview of solar-system membership, position and scale.
Original source ↗NASA Science · NASA
Overview of galaxy types and the location of the Milky Way.
Original source ↗NASA Imagine the Universe · NASA GSFC
Historical educational overview; exact galaxy counts are not treated as a current census.
Original source ↗NASA My NASA Data · NASA
Introduces coupled Earth subsystems; feedback does not by itself establish cosmic learning.
Original source ↗NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory · JPL Solar System Dynamics
Reference parameters with source labels and uncertainties; useful for checking model scales.
Original source ↗Bureau International des Poids et Mesures · BIPM SI Brochure
Official current brochure page verified. The ninth edition began in 2019; the publisher lists this updated version and citation in 2026.
Original source ↗NASA · NASA
Distinguishes the observable universe from the unknown total size.
Original source ↗DESI Collaboration · arXiv:2503.14738
Primary collaboration analysis; evolving-dark-energy preference varies with model and supernova combination.
Original source ↗Cogitate Consortium; Oscar Ferrante; Urszula Gorska-Klimowska; and collaborators · Nature 642, 133–142
Preregistered multimodal study of 256 participants; challenges tested predictions of both theories. Does not resolve every philosophical claim.
Original source ↗NASA Science; John Mather · NASA
Official explanation of expansion without a spatial center in the standard model.
Original source ↗Pierre Touboul et al. · Physical Review Letters 129, 121102
Primary satellite experiment comparing titanium and platinum test masses.
Original source ↗M. Tajmar; O. Neunzig; M. Weikert · CEAS Space Journal 14, 31–44
Published online in 2021; journal issue year 2022. Thermal and electrical artifacts are central to interpretation.
Original source ↗Sam Dillavou; Menachem Stern; Andrea J. Liu; Douglas J. Durian · Physical Review Applied 18, 014040
Primary experimental publication described on its research group page; variable-resistor network learns specified tasks.
Original source ↗Anil K. Seth; Tim Bayne · Nature Reviews Neuroscience 23, 439–452
Research review comparing theoretical families and empirical discriminators; no settled universal account.
Original source ↗BICEP/Keck Collaboration; P. A. R. Ade et al. · Physical Review Letters 127, 151301
Historical published tensor-to-scalar bound; not asserted to be the latest worldwide constraint.
Original source ↗Menachem Stern; Daniel Hexner; Jason W. Rocks; Andrea J. Liu · Physical Review X 11, 021045
Primary theory of local coupled learning in flow and elastic networks.
Original source ↗Planck Collaboration; N. Aghanim et al. · Astronomy & Astrophysics 641, A6
Primary parameter analysis; numbers depend on model and data combination. Publication has a 2021 corrigendum.
Original source ↗Planck Collaboration; Y. Akrami et al. · Astronomy & Astrophysics 641, A10
Primary constraints on primordial perturbations and inflationary model families.
Original source ↗Andrew Gelman; Aki Vehtari; Daniel Simpson; Charles C. Margossian; Bob Carpenter; Yuling Yao; Lauren Kennedy; Jonah Gabry; Paul-Christian Bürkner; Martin Modrák · arXiv:2011.01808 [stat.ME]
Author manuscript on iterative Bayesian modeling, checking and evaluation. arXiv record verified; treated as a preprint, not a journal publication.
Original source ↗David B. Newell and Eite Tiesinga, editors · NIST Special Publication 330
Official units reference for reproducible quantitative comparisons.
Original source ↗Nathan C. Keim; Joseph D. Paulsen; Zorana Zeravcic; Srikanth Sastry; Sidney R. Nagel · Reviews of Modern Physics 91, 035002
Research review of material memory; encoding, readout, and erasure are distinct operations.
Original source ↗Anna D. Broido; Aaron Clauset · Nature Communications 10, 1017
Primary empirical network analysis illustrating the need to test scale-free claims. Publisher record verified; results concern examined network representations, not all possible natural scaling.
Original source ↗Artemy Kolchinsky; David H. Wolpert · Interface Focus 8, 20180041
Proposed formal measure of viability-relevant information using counterfactual interventions; definition-dependent.
Original source ↗Brian A. Nosek; Charles R. Ebersole; Alexander C. DeHaven; David T. Mellor · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(11), 2600–2606
Primary methodological article distinguishing prospective predictions from exploratory analyses. Publication metadata and article text checked; project protocols are new proposals.
Original source ↗Ping Gao; Daniel Louis Jafferis; Aron C. Wall · Journal of High Energy Physics 2017, 151
Special theoretical construction with coupled boundaries; no physical transport device is demonstrated.
Original source ↗Aki Vehtari; Andrew Gelman; Jonah Gabry · Statistics and Computing 27, 1413–1432
Primary methods paper on predictive model evaluation. Online publication was in 2016; the journal volume year is 2017. Publisher record notes an erratum.
Original source ↗LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration · Physical Review Letters 116, 061102
Primary GW150914 detection report.
Original source ↗Daniela Saadeh; Stephen M. Feeney; Andrew Pontzen; Hiranya V. Peiris; Jason D. McEwen · Physical Review Letters 117, 131302
Constrains specific Bianchi anisotropic expansion modes; not a model-independent bound on every conceivable cosmic rotation.
Original source ↗Planck Collaboration; P. A. R. Ade et al. · Astronomy & Astrophysics 594, A18
Tests specific compact topologies and Bianchi models; null results do not establish the entire universe is infinite.
Original source ↗Nikolai Perunov; Robert Marsland; Jeremy L. England · Physical Review X 6, 021036
Theoretical driven-system model; 2014 preprint linked to 2016 publication. Not a demonstration of universal adaptation.
Original source ↗Mark D. Wilkinson; Michel Dumontier; IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg; et al. · Scientific Data 3, 160018
Original FAIR principles article. Publisher record and text verified; principles inform the proposed atlas data practices.
Original source ↗Thomas W. Bartel; Sara Stoudt; Antonio M. Possolo · Metrologia 53
NIST publication record and abstract verified. Supports calibration-model and uncertainty treatment, not any claim of anomalous thrust.
Original source ↗Ronald L. Wasserstein; Nicole A. Lazar · The American Statistician 70(2), 129–133
Official methodological statement published by the American Statistical Association. Publisher text and citation verified; emphasizes interpreting statistics in context.
Original source ↗B. Hensen et al. · Nature 526, 682–686
Primary Bell experiment; rejects a specified local hidden-variable class, not causality.
Original source ↗Clifford M. Will · Living Reviews in Relativity 17, 4
Foundational review, not presented as an exhaustive review of experiments after 2014.
Original source ↗Joseph D. Paulsen; Nathan C. Keim; Sidney R. Nagel · Physical Review Letters 113, 068301
Primary material-memory experiment. APS publication record and corresponding author metadata verified. Its measured phenomenon does not establish cosmic or personal memory transfer.
Original source ↗Jeremy L. England · The Journal of Chemical Physics 139, 121923
Thermodynamic constraints on replication, not a proof that all driven matter becomes life.
Original source ↗Paul Groth; Luc Moreau, editors · W3C Working Group Note, 30 April 2013
Official overview of the W3C provenance family. The overview is a Working Group Note; individual PROV specifications have their own standards status.
Original source ↗Geir Kjetil Sandve; Anton Nekrutenko; James Taylor; Eivind Hovig · PLOS Computational Biology 9(10), e1003285
Original methodological guidance, verified through the publisher text. Informs the proposed reproducibility package and does not certify the project’s analyses.
Original source ↗Christopher J. Fewster · arXiv:1208.5399
Lecture treatment of bounds under specified quantum-field and spacetime assumptions.
Original source ↗Morag I. Scrimgeour et al. · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 425, 116–134
Counts-in-spheres test with a stated 1 percent homogeneity criterion and survey selection modeling.
Original source ↗Robert J. J. Grand; Daisuke Kawata; Mark Cropper · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 421, 1529–1538
N-body study of transient, approximately corotating spiral features; not a universal description of every spiral galaxy.
Original source ↗Antoine Bérut; Artak Arakelyan; Artyom Petrosyan; Sergio Ciliberto; Raoul Dillenschneider; Eric Lutz · Nature 483, 187–189
Primary experiment using a colloidal particle as a one-bit memory; abstract and publisher metadata checked.
Original source ↗Udo Seifert · Reports on Progress in Physics 75, 126001
Research review and technical derivations; trajectory thermodynamics applies to stated system–bath models.
Original source ↗Xu Liu; Steve Ramirez; Petti T. Pang; Corey B. Puryear; Arvind Govindarajan; Karl Deisseroth; Susumu Tonegawa · Nature 484, 381–385
Primary mouse experiment linking reactivation of a tagged neural ensemble with memory-related behavior.
Original source ↗Susanne Still; David A. Sivak; Anthony J. Bell; Gavin E. Crooks · Physical Review Letters 109, 120604
Primary theoretical connection between nonpredictive memory and dissipation for specified driven systems.
Original source ↗C. M. Wilson; G. Johansson; A. Pourkabirian; J. R. Johansson; T. Duty; F. Nori; P. Delsing · Nature 479, 376–379
Driven superconducting boundary experiment; the external modulation is central to the energy budget.
Original source ↗Stephen M. Feeney; Matthew C. Johnson; Daniel J. Mortlock; Hiranya V. Peiris · Physical Review Letters 107, 071301
WMAP analysis did not warrant adding bubble collisions to ΛCDM; method illustrates a restricted observational test.
Original source ↗Mark Van Raamsdonk · General Relativity and Gravitation 42, 2323–2329
Conceptual argument in a quantum-gravity setting, not an experimental construction of spacetime. The arXiv record also notes a 2025 reference correction.
Original source ↗Nikodem Popławski · Physics Letters B 694, 181–185
Speculative theoretical model involving torsion and a possible parent black hole; no observational confirmation of a parent universe.
Original source ↗Takahiro Sagawa; Masahito Ueda · Physical Review Letters 104, 090602
Primary information-thermodynamics result; feedback information enters a generalized work relation.
Original source ↗Karl Friston · Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, 127–138
Theoretical research framework; variational free energy must not be confused with physical energy in joules.
Original source ↗D. J. Fixsen · Astrophysical Journal 707, 916–920
Recalibration and combined estimate of the CMB temperature.
Original source ↗Aaron Clauset; Cosma Rohilla Shalizi; M. E. J. Newman · SIAM Review 51(4), 661–703
Primary methodological paper on fitting and testing empirical power-law distributions. Publisher record and author companion materials verified.
Original source ↗Zachary D. Blount; Christina Z. Borland; Richard E. Lenski · PNAS 105, 7899–7906
Primary evolutionary experiment showing history-dependent access to a new phenotype.
Original source ↗Richard Massey et al. · Nature 445, 286–290
Weak-lensing reconstruction; inferred mass distribution is not a direct photograph of dark matter.
Original source ↗David Tong · University of Cambridge lecture notes
Author notes covering field quantization, Noether currents and relativistic causality; copyright year shown on the course page.
Original source ↗Shinsei Ryu; Tadashi Takayanagi · Physical Review Letters 96, 181602
Original geometric entanglement-entropy proposal in a specified holographic setting; not a universal formula for all systems.
Original source ↗Douglas Clowe; Maruša Bradač; Anthony H. Gonzalez; Maxim Markevitch; Scott W. Randall; Christine Jones; Dennis Zaritsky · Astrophysical Journal 648, L109–L113
Bullet Cluster lensing and plasma offsets provide evidence for unseen mass; particle identity remains unspecified.
Original source ↗R. L. Jaffe · Physical Review D 72, 021301
Explains why Casimir forces do not uniquely establish an extractable vacuum-energy reservoir.
Original source ↗David W. Hogg; Daniel J. Eisenstein; Michael R. Blanton; Neta A. Bahcall; J. Brinkmann; James E. Gunn; Donald P. Schneider · Astrophysical Journal 624, 54–58
Independent galaxy-sample test of large-scale homogeneity.
Original source ↗Wojciech H. Zurek · Reviews of Modern Physics 75, 715–775
Technical review of environment-induced decoherence. No requirement for human awareness in the physical interaction model.
Original source ↗NIST/SEMATECH · e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, section 4.4.4
Official technical guidance on residual analysis and the limitations of R². Year denotes the handbook’s initial public release; this is a maintained web reference.
Original source ↗Raphael Bousso · Reviews of Modern Physics 74, 825–874
Review of entropy bounds and their geometric assumptions.
Original source ↗William Bialek; Ilya Nemenman; Naftali Tishby · Neural Computation 13, 2409–2463
Primary theory defining predictive information from past–future statistical dependence.
Original source ↗Thomas Schreiber · Physical Review Letters 85, 461–464
Primary transfer-entropy paper; directional predictability is not automatically intervention-level causation.
Original source ↗Gavin E. Crooks · Physical Review E 60, 2721–2726
Primary theoretical relation between forward and reverse work distributions under microscopic reversibility assumptions.
Original source ↗Rajesh P. N. Rao; Dana H. Ballard · Nature Neuroscience 2, 79–87
Computational model of predictive coding; not proof of one mechanism for all cognition.
Original source ↗Uri Alon; Michael G. Surette; Naama Barkai; Stanislas Leibler · Nature 397, 168–171
Primary experimental study of response and adaptation in a specified biochemical network. Publisher record and abstract verified; the result is not a universal learning mechanism.
Original source ↗Juan M. Maldacena · Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 2, 231–252
Original AdS/CFT proposal; preprint first submitted in 1997, journal year 1998. Specific dualities do not establish a containing universe.
Original source ↗Adam G. Riess et al. · Astronomical Journal 116, 1009–1038
Primary supernova distance-redshift evidence for accelerated expansion.
Original source ↗Sean M. Carroll · arXiv:gr-qc/9712019
Graduate reference for metrics, curvature, Einstein equations and cosmology. Source identity and scope checked on the author-submitted record.
Original source ↗Judea Pearl · Biometrika 82, 669–710
Primary causal-inference framework. UCLA PDF retrieved but text encoding was poor; author and publisher records checked.
Original source ↗Barry N. Taylor; Chris E. Kuyatt · NIST Technical Note 1297
Official NIST publication record and uncertainty guidance. Supports measurement-uncertainty practice; it does not validate any proposed Hill measurement.
Original source ↗James P. Sethna; Karin Dahmen; Sivan Kartha; James A. Krumhansl; Bruce W. Roberts; Joel D. Shore · Physical Review Letters 70, 3347
Primary random-field Ising-model work on hysteresis, avalanches, and return-point memory.
Original source ↗James Theiler; Stephen Eubank; André Longtin; Bryan Galdrikian; J. Doyne Farmer · Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 58(1–4), 77–94
Primary methodological paper describing explicit null hypotheses and surrogate-data comparisons. Publisher abstract and metadata verified.
Original source ↗Larry S. Liebovitch; Tibor Toth · Physics Letters A 141(8–9), 386–390
Primary box-counting algorithm paper. Publisher record, abstract and bibliographic metadata verified; finite-resolution interpretations still require controls.
Original source ↗James Theiler · Physical Review A 34, 2427–2432
Primary analysis of spurious dimension estimates arising from finite, autocorrelated data. APS record and abstract verified.
Original source ↗Peter Grassberger; Itamar Procaccia · Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 9(1–2), 189–208
Primary development of correlation-exponent methods for dynamical data. Publisher abstract and bibliographic record checked.
Original source ↗Alan H. Guth · Physical Review D 23, 347–356
Foundational inflation proposal, not a demonstration of a unique inflation mechanism.
Original source ↗Charles H. Bennett · IBM Journal of Research and Development 17, 525–532
Original-paper university mirror indexed; direct retrieval was blocked. Bibliographic record and indexed text checked.
Original source ↗Benoit Mandelbrot · Science 156, 636–638
Primary author-institution record for statistical self-similarity; not evidence of universal cosmic self-similarity.
Original source ↗C. C. Lin; Frank H. Shu · PNAS 55, 229–234
Foundational density-wave model; pattern motion need not equal material motion.
Original source ↗Mark Kac · The American Mathematical Monthly 73(4), Part 2, 1–23
Original spectral-geometry article; archival publication record verified. Provides conceptual context for geometry and mode spectra, not a claim that spectra uniquely identify every shape.
Original source ↗Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands · Caltech online edition
Official textbook chapter on electromagnetic energy transport and momentum.
Original source ↗Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands · Caltech online edition
Official textbook chapter distinguishing intrinsic geometry from drawings embedded in an external space.
Original source ↗Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands · Caltech online edition
Official textbook chapter; cosmological global-energy subtleties require the separate relativity references.
Original source ↗Richard P. Feynman; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands · Caltech online edition
Official textbook chapter supporting the special-relativistic limit.
Original source ↗Rolf Landauer · IBM Journal of Research and Development 5, 183–191
Foundational analysis of logically irreversible erasure; the bound requires specified thermodynamic assumptions.
Original source ↗James D. Watson; Francis H. C. Crick · Nature 171, 737–738
Original DNA structural proposal. Historical source, not a complete account of genetics or discovery credit.
Original source ↗Alan M. Turing · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 237, 37–72
Original paper hosted by MIT; reaction–diffusion pattern formation is not by itself evidence of learning.
Original source ↗Claude E. Shannon · Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379–423
Foundational communication theory; entropy measures uncertainty, not subjective meaning. Publisher metadata verified.
Original source ↗Edwin Hubble · PNAS 15, 168–173
Historical primary paper; its distance calibration and slope are not current parameter estimates.
Original source ↗Emmy Noether; M. A. Tavel, translator · English translation archived as arXiv:physics/0503066
Original work dates to 1918; the English translation was posted to arXiv in 2005. The year does not describe the archive posting.
Original source ↗Emmy Noether; M. A. Tavel, translator · Göttingen Nachrichten, 235–257; English translation in Transport Theory and Statistical Physics 1, 186–207 (1971)
Original 1918 work accessed through its English translation. arXiv record identifies the 1971 translation, first archived in 2005 and revised in 2018; the DOI is for the translation.
Original source ↗E. Buckingham · Physical Review 4, 345–376
Original dimensional-analysis paper; bibliographic metadata verified with publisher.
Original source ↗No records match this search.